Semi-parliamentary system
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Semi-parliamentary_system an entity of type: Thing
نظام شبه برلماني (يُوصف أيضًا بالنظام البرلماني الجديد أو نظام جديد برئاسة الوزراء) هو تصنيف لأنظمة الحكم التي اقترحها موريس دوفرجير، والتي ينتخب فيها المواطنون مباشرة السلطة التشريعية ورئيس الوزراء في نفس الوقت، مع قانون انتخابي يضمن وجود أغلبية برلمانية لرئيس الوزراء المنتخب. وكما هو الحال في النظام البرلماني، فإن رئيس الوزراء مسؤول أمام المجلس التشريعي ويمكن رفضه من قِبلِه؛ وهذا على الرغم من ذلك يؤدي فعليًا إلى إجراء انتخابات مبكرة لكل من رئيس الوزراء والهيئة التشريعية.
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Semi-parliamentary system can refer to either a prime-ministerial system, in which voters simultaneously vote for both members of legislature and the prime minister, or to a system of government in which the legislature is split into two parts that are both directly elected – one that has the power to remove the members of the executive by a vote of no confidence and another that does not. The former was first proposed by Maurice Duverger, who used it to refer to Israel from 1996-2001. The second was identified by German academic Steffen Ganghof.
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O sistema semiparlamentar é um sistema de governo em que, tanto o chefe de governo como o legislativo, são eleitos diretamente pelos eleitores ou um sistema de governo em que a legislatura é dividida em duas câmaras diretamente eleitas - uma que tem o poder de destituir os membros do executivo por meio de voto de censura e a outra que não tem. O primeiro foi proposto pela primeira vez por Maurice Duverger, que o usou para se referir a Israel de 1996-2001. O segundo foi identificado pelo académico alemão . No entanto, o primeiro-ministro pode ser demitido por um moção de censura, mas, isso efetivamente causa uma eleição antecipada tanto para o primeiro-ministro quanto para o legislativo (uma regra comumente expressa pelo princípio aut simul stabunt aut simul cadent, latim para "ficarão junt
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نظام شبه برلماني
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Semi-parliamentary system
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Semiparlamentarismo
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50719889
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1124230712
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Steffen Ganghof
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--05-08
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Beyond Presidentialism and Parliamentarism. Democratic Design and the Separation of Powers, Page 67, Oxford University Press
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Under semi-parliamentary government, no part of the executive is elected directly. The prime minister and cabinet are selected by an assembly with two parts, only one of which can dismiss the cabinet in a no-confidence vote even though the other has equal or greater democratic legitimacy and robust veto power over ordinary legislation.
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The waters of the Thames and of the Potomac both flow into Lake Burley Griffin.
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نظام شبه برلماني (يُوصف أيضًا بالنظام البرلماني الجديد أو نظام جديد برئاسة الوزراء) هو تصنيف لأنظمة الحكم التي اقترحها موريس دوفرجير، والتي ينتخب فيها المواطنون مباشرة السلطة التشريعية ورئيس الوزراء في نفس الوقت، مع قانون انتخابي يضمن وجود أغلبية برلمانية لرئيس الوزراء المنتخب. وكما هو الحال في النظام البرلماني، فإن رئيس الوزراء مسؤول أمام المجلس التشريعي ويمكن رفضه من قِبلِه؛ وهذا على الرغم من ذلك يؤدي فعليًا إلى إجراء انتخابات مبكرة لكل من رئيس الوزراء والهيئة التشريعية. مثل الأنظمة شبه الرئاسيّة، تُشكِّل الأنظمة شبه البرلمانية شكلاً قويًا من الأنظمة البرلمانية. بالرغم من أنه لا توجد دول ذات نظام شبه برلماني في العالم. ولكن ومع ذلك، يتم استخدام نظام شبه برلماني في المدن والبلدات الإسرائيلية والإيطالية لانتخاب العُمد والمجالس. وعلى مستوى البلدان العربية، فكانت جمهورية تونس على وشك الاعتماد على نظام شبه برلماني للبلاد وذلك من خلال مقترحات اليوم التاسع من مشاورات تعديل الدستور سنة 2014، إلى أن تم الاعتماد على نظام جمهوري برلماني وشبه رئاسي معًا.
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Semi-parliamentary system can refer to either a prime-ministerial system, in which voters simultaneously vote for both members of legislature and the prime minister, or to a system of government in which the legislature is split into two parts that are both directly elected – one that has the power to remove the members of the executive by a vote of no confidence and another that does not. The former was first proposed by Maurice Duverger, who used it to refer to Israel from 1996-2001. The second was identified by German academic Steffen Ganghof. In a prime-ministerial system, as in standard parliamentary systems, the prime minister can still be dismissed by a vote of no confidence, this however effectively causes a snap election for both the prime minister and the legislature (a rule commonly expressed by the brocard aut simul stabunt aut simul cadent, Latin for "they will either stand together, or fall together"). Like semi-presidential systems, semi-parliamentary systems are a strongly rationalized form of parliamentary systems. After Israel decided to abolish the direct election of prime ministers in 2001, there are no national prime-ministerial systems in the world; however, a prime-ministerial system is used in Israeli and Italian cities and towns to elect mayors and councils. There are two national and five subnational examples of the other type of semi-parliamentarism still in existence today—the national examples of Australia and Japan and the subnational examples of the five bicameral Australian states.
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O sistema semiparlamentar é um sistema de governo em que, tanto o chefe de governo como o legislativo, são eleitos diretamente pelos eleitores ou um sistema de governo em que a legislatura é dividida em duas câmaras diretamente eleitas - uma que tem o poder de destituir os membros do executivo por meio de voto de censura e a outra que não tem. O primeiro foi proposto pela primeira vez por Maurice Duverger, que o usou para se referir a Israel de 1996-2001. O segundo foi identificado pelo académico alemão . No entanto, o primeiro-ministro pode ser demitido por um moção de censura, mas, isso efetivamente causa uma eleição antecipada tanto para o primeiro-ministro quanto para o legislativo (uma regra comumente expressa pelo princípio aut simul stabunt aut simul cadent, latim para "ficarão juntos ou cairão juntos"). Como os sistemas semipresidencialistas, os sistemas semiparlamentares são uma forma fortemente racionalizada de sistemas parlamentares. Depois de Israel abolir a eleição direta do primeiro-ministro em 2001, não existem sistemas semiparlamentares no mundo; no entanto, um sistema de primeiro-ministro é usado em cidades e vilas israelenses e italianas para eleger prefeitos e conselhos. Existem dois exemplos nacionais e cinco subnacionais do outro tipo de semiparlamentarismo que ainda existe hoje - os exemplos nacionais da Austrália e do Japão e os exemplos subnacionais dos cinco estados australianos.
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