Mondina

rdf:langString Mondina

rdf:langString A mondina (Italian pronunciation: [monˈdiːna]; plural: mondine; from the verb mondare, meaning 'to peel', 'to husk', or 'to clean') is a seasonal rice paddy female worker, especially in Italy's Po Valley from the late 19th century to the first half of the 20th. The work of monda (weeding) was widespread in northern Italy in that era. The work consisted of removing the weeds growing in rice fields that hindered the healthy growth of young rice plants. It took place during the flooding of the fields, from the end of April to the beginning of June every year, during which the delicate shoots needed to be protected, during the first stages of their development, from temperature differences between the day and the night. It consisted of two phases: transplanting the plants and pruning the weeds. The monda was an extremely tiring task, carried out mostly by women of the poorest social classes from Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Lombardy and Piedmont, working in northern Italy, mostly around Vercelli, Novara and Pavia. The workers would spend their workdays with their bare feet in water up to their knees and their back bent for many hours. To protect themselves from insects and the sun, the workers would wear a scarf and a hat with broad brim and shorts or large panties so as not to wet their clothes. The atrocious working conditions, long hours and very low pay led to constant dissatisfaction and led, at times to rebellious movements and riots in the early years of the 20th century. The struggles against the supervising padroni (patrons) were even harder with the abundance of clandestine workers ready to compromise even further the already low wages just to get work. They are described as crumiri (strikebreakers). The practice of the strikebreaking resulted in popular protests. The demands of the protesting rioters was finally satisfied between 1906 and 1909, when all the communes of Province of Vercelli were required to abide by the eight-hours restriction.