Land reform in Zimbabwe
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe an entity of type: Thing
إصلاح الأراضي في زيمبابوي هو محاولة توزيع الأراضي بين السود الذين حرموا من حقوقهم في الماضي، والأقلية البيضاء التي حكمت زيمبابوي من 1923 إلى 1979، بطريقة عادلة. قد يكون توزيع الأراضي في زيمبابوي أكثر القضايا السياسية حسما واعتراضا على الحكومة الزيمبابوية في الوقت الحاضر.
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Land reform in Zimbabwe officially began in 1980 with the signing of the Lancaster House Agreement, as an effort to more equitably distribute land between black subsistence farmers and white Zimbabweans of European ancestry, who had traditionally enjoyed superior political and economic status. The programme's stated targets were intended to alter the ethnic balance of land ownership.
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Reformasi lahan di Zimbabwe secara resmi dimulai pada tahun 1980 setelah ditandatanganinya dengan tujuan untuk memperbaiki masalah ketimpangan pemilikan lahan antara petani subsisten kulit hitam dengan para pemilik lahan kulit putih yang memiliki kedudukan politik dan ekonomi yang lebih unggul. Ketimpangan ini sendiri semakin diperparah oleh jumlah penduduk yang berlebihan, degradasi lahan, dan kemiskinan. Pada saat yang sama, sektor komersial kulit putih juga memberikan penghidupan bagi 30% tenaga kerja yang dibayar dan mewakili sekitar 40% ekspor. Komoditas utamanya meliputi tebu, kopi, kapas, tembakau, dan jagung. Sementara itu, pertanian komersial dan subsisten sama-sama memiliki ternak, tetapi lebih dari 60% daging sapi domestik dipasok oleh pertanian komersial kulit putih.
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La riforma agraria in Zimbabwe, iniziata ufficialmente nel 1979 con la firma degli , fu uno sforzo per distribuire più equamente la terra tra i neri, storicamente emarginati, e la minoranza dei bianchi che hanno governato lo Zimbabwe dal 1890 al 1979. Nel 2020 il governo ha annunciato che i coltivatori bianchi potranno richiedere la restituzione delle terre loro espropriate.
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إصلاح الأراضي في زيمبابوي
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Reformasi lahan di Zimbabwe
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Riforma agraria in Zimbabwe
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Land reform in Zimbabwe
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Central Committee Report for the 17th Annual National People's Conference, ZANU–PF
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The party needs to institute mechanisms to solve the numerous problems emanating from the way the land reform programme was conducted, especially taking cognisance the corrupt and vindictive practices by officers in the Ministry of Lands.
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"Under Bippas [Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements], which you allegedly say were violated, the only shortcoming was that we failed to raise the money to pay compensation, but there was no violation."
– Patrick Chinamasa, Zimbabwe Finance Minister
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25.0
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إصلاح الأراضي في زيمبابوي هو محاولة توزيع الأراضي بين السود الذين حرموا من حقوقهم في الماضي، والأقلية البيضاء التي حكمت زيمبابوي من 1923 إلى 1979، بطريقة عادلة. قد يكون توزيع الأراضي في زيمبابوي أكثر القضايا السياسية حسما واعتراضا على الحكومة الزيمبابوية في الوقت الحاضر.
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Land reform in Zimbabwe officially began in 1980 with the signing of the Lancaster House Agreement, as an effort to more equitably distribute land between black subsistence farmers and white Zimbabweans of European ancestry, who had traditionally enjoyed superior political and economic status. The programme's stated targets were intended to alter the ethnic balance of land ownership. The government's land distribution is perhaps the most crucial and most bitterly contested political issue surrounding Zimbabwe. It has been criticised for the violence and intimidation which marred several expropriations, as well as the parallel collapse of domestic banks which held billions of dollars' worth of bonds on liquidated properties yet still Belemnite Zimunya dismissed these facts. The United Nations has identified several key shortcomings with the contemporary programme, namely failure to compensate ousted landowners as called for by the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the poor handling of boundary disputes, and chronic shortages of material and personnel needed to carry out resettlement in an orderly manner. Many farm owners and farm workers have been killed during violent takeovers. Land reform has had a serious negative effect on the Zimbabwe's economy and heavily contributed to its collapse in the 2000s. There has been a drop in total farm output which has led to instances of starvation and famine. Increasing poverty levels combined with the increased informality of farming operations amongst farmers who received redistributed land has led to an increase in the use of child labour especially in the growing of sugar cane. As of 2011, 237,858 Zimbabwean households had been provided with access to land under the programme. A total of 10,816,886 hectares had been acquired since 2000, compared to the 3,498,444 purchased from voluntary sellers between 1980 and 1998. By 2013, every white-owned farm in Zimbabwe had been either expropriated or confirmed for future redistribution. The compulsory acquisition of farmland without compensation was discontinued in early 2018. In 2019 the Commercial Farmers Union stated that white farmers who had land expropriated under the fast track program had agreed to accept an interim compensation offer by the Zimbabwean government of RTGS$53 million (US$17 million) as part of the government effort to compensate dispossessed farmers. A year later the Zimbabwean government announced that it would be compensating dispossessed white farmers for infrastructure investments in the land and had committed to pay out US$3.5 billion.
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Reformasi lahan di Zimbabwe secara resmi dimulai pada tahun 1980 setelah ditandatanganinya dengan tujuan untuk memperbaiki masalah ketimpangan pemilikan lahan antara petani subsisten kulit hitam dengan para pemilik lahan kulit putih yang memiliki kedudukan politik dan ekonomi yang lebih unggul. Ketimpangan ini sendiri semakin diperparah oleh jumlah penduduk yang berlebihan, degradasi lahan, dan kemiskinan. Pada saat yang sama, sektor komersial kulit putih juga memberikan penghidupan bagi 30% tenaga kerja yang dibayar dan mewakili sekitar 40% ekspor. Komoditas utamanya meliputi tebu, kopi, kapas, tembakau, dan jagung. Sementara itu, pertanian komersial dan subsisten sama-sama memiliki ternak, tetapi lebih dari 60% daging sapi domestik dipasok oleh pertanian komersial kulit putih. Berdasarkan kesepakatan dengan pemerintah Britania Raya, apabila pemerintah Zimbabwe membeli lahan dari pemilik kulit putih dan sang pemilik bersedia menjualnya, maka pemerintah Britania akan mendanai setengah biayanya. Pada akhir dasawarsa 1990-an, Perdana Menteri Tony Blair mengakhiri kesepakatan ini setelah dana dari pemerintahan Margaret Thatcher sudah habis. Zimbabwe menanggapinya dengan melancarkan program redistribusi secara "cepat", yaitu dengan menyita lahan milik orang kulit putih tanpa diberikan ganti rugi. Pada tahun 2011, 237.858 rumah tangga Zimbabwe telah mendapatkan lahan dari program ini. Lahan seluas 10.816.886 hektare telah diperoleh semenjak tahun 2000, sementara program penjualan secara sukarela dari tahun 1980 hingga 1998 hanya meredistribusikan 3.498.444 hektare lahan. Pada tahun 2013, setiap peternakan milik kulit putih di Zimbabwe telah disita atau akan diredistribusikan. Program penyitaan tanpa kompensasi sudah dihentikan pada tahun 2018. Program ini menuai kritikan tajam karena telah menggunakan kekerasan dan intimidasi untuk melakukan penyiksaan serta akibat ketiadaan ganti rugi untuk para pemilik yang terkena dampaknya. Selain itu, reformasi lahan ini juga dianggap telah merusak ekonomi Zimbabwe. Sektor pertanian di Zimbabwe sebelumnya sedang menikmati masa jayanya, tetapi akibat penyitaan lahan ini, terjadi hiperinflasi yang sangat tinggi, sementara investasi asing tidak lagi masuk dan modal malah dibawa pergi ke luar negeri. Selain itu, terjadi pula kegagalan dalam memanfaatkan lahan secara maksimal atau paling tidak seperti sebelumnya. Akibatnya, sektor pertanian di Zimbabwe pun merosot, dan akhirnya Zimbabwe menjadi negara yang bergantung pada impor pangan dan lebih dari 2/3 penduduknya hidup dalam kemiskinan.
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La riforma agraria in Zimbabwe, iniziata ufficialmente nel 1979 con la firma degli , fu uno sforzo per distribuire più equamente la terra tra i neri, storicamente emarginati, e la minoranza dei bianchi che hanno governato lo Zimbabwe dal 1890 al 1979. La distribuzione delle terre da parte del governo è forse la questione politica più importante e più aspramente contestata dello Zimbabwe contemporaneo. Può essere divisa in due periodi: dal 1979 al 2000 è stato applicato il percorso, più lento e graduale, fondato sul principio del "willing buyer, willing seller", con aiuti economici dalla Gran Bretagna; in un secondo tempo, a partire dal 2000, si è dato avvio a un programma brutale di riforma agraria, utilizzato da Robert Mugabe per colpire sia i suoi oppositori di colore sia i coltivatori bianchi. Nel 2020 il governo ha annunciato che i coltivatori bianchi potranno richiedere la restituzione delle terre loro espropriate.
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