Popular crusades
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Popular_crusades
De volkskruistochten waren verschillende bewegingen "geanimeerd door kruistocht-enthousiasme" maar niet goedgekeurd door de Rooms-Katholieke Kerk. Ze contrasteren met de "officiële kruistochten" die zijn goedgekeurd door het pausdom. Terwijl de laatste bestond uit professionele legers onder leiding van apostolische legaten, waren de populaire kruistochten over het algemeen ongeorganiseerd en bestonden uit boeren, ambachtslieden en slechts af en toe een ridder.
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The popular crusades were several movements "animated by crusading enthusiasm" but unsanctioned by the Church. They contrast with the "official crusades" authorised by the Papacy. While the latter consisted of professional armies led by apostolic legates, the popular crusades were generally disorganized and consisted of peasants, artisans and only the occasional knight. The term "popular crusade" is a modern scholarly convention. The distinction between the "hierarchical" (or official) and the popular impulse in crusading was first made by Leopold von Ranke in the nineteenth century.
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Les croisades populaires sont des mouvements religieux populaires qui se déroulèrent en marge des croisades officielles. Leur but était d'atteindre Jérusalem, cependant, la plupart de ces croisades populaires vont dévier de leur objectif initial pour se transformer en véritables massacres collectifs. La première eut lieu à la suite de l’appel aux croisades du pape Urbain II en 1095. Il y eut par la suite plusieurs autres croisades populaires : la Croisade des enfants en 1212, les Croisades des Pastoureaux de 1251 et de 1320, et une autre en 1291 qui provoque la chute de Saint-Jean-d’Acre.
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São denominadas como cruzadas populares, os vários movimentos inspirados nas pregações favoráveis às cruzadas, mas que não foram oficialmente sancionados pela Igreja Católica. Tais movimentos diferem das "cruzadas oficiais" autorizadas pelo papado que eram formadas por exércitos liderados pelos nobres, que recebiam a benção do Papa, enquanto que as cruzadas populares eram geralmente desorganizadas e formadas, em sua maioria, por contingentes de camponeses mal armados, às vezes, liderados por pessoas da baixa nobreza e com pequenos contingentes de cavalaria .
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Croisades populaires
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Volkskruistochten
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Popular crusades
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Cruzadas populares
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Les croisades populaires sont des mouvements religieux populaires qui se déroulèrent en marge des croisades officielles. Leur but était d'atteindre Jérusalem, cependant, la plupart de ces croisades populaires vont dévier de leur objectif initial pour se transformer en véritables massacres collectifs. La première eut lieu à la suite de l’appel aux croisades du pape Urbain II en 1095. Il y eut par la suite plusieurs autres croisades populaires : la Croisade des enfants en 1212, les Croisades des Pastoureaux de 1251 et de 1320, et une autre en 1291 qui provoque la chute de Saint-Jean-d’Acre. Le terme "croisade populaire" est une convention savante moderne. La distinction entre la hiérarchique (ou officielle) et populaire a été faite pour la première fois par Leopold von Ranke au XIXe siècle. Les mouvements généralement considérés comme des croisades populaires sont :
* la Croisade populaire de 1096
* la Croisade des enfants de 1212
* la Croisade des pastoureaux de 1251
* la de 1309
* la Croisade des pastoureaux de 1320
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The popular crusades were several movements "animated by crusading enthusiasm" but unsanctioned by the Church. They contrast with the "official crusades" authorised by the Papacy. While the latter consisted of professional armies led by apostolic legates, the popular crusades were generally disorganized and consisted of peasants, artisans and only the occasional knight. The term "popular crusade" is a modern scholarly convention. The distinction between the "hierarchical" (or official) and the popular impulse in crusading was first made by Leopold von Ranke in the nineteenth century. These events demonstrate the power of crusading ideas and the engagement of non-noble believers with the great events of Latin Christendom. All crusades that were not preached officially were illicit and unaccompanied by papal representation. But it was not until the 1320 that the papacy criticised a popular crusade. The objectives were traditional, such as regaining Jerusalem or liberating the captive King Louis IX of France. Victories in the Smyrniote crusade of 1344 aroused mass enthusiasm in Tuscany and Lombardy. Those who took part in popular crusades perceived themselves as authentic crusaders, evident in the use of pilgrimage and crusade emblems, including the cross.
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De volkskruistochten waren verschillende bewegingen "geanimeerd door kruistocht-enthousiasme" maar niet goedgekeurd door de Rooms-Katholieke Kerk. Ze contrasteren met de "officiële kruistochten" die zijn goedgekeurd door het pausdom. Terwijl de laatste bestond uit professionele legers onder leiding van apostolische legaten, waren de populaire kruistochten over het algemeen ongeorganiseerd en bestonden uit boeren, ambachtslieden en slechts af en toe een ridder.
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São denominadas como cruzadas populares, os vários movimentos inspirados nas pregações favoráveis às cruzadas, mas que não foram oficialmente sancionados pela Igreja Católica. Tais movimentos diferem das "cruzadas oficiais" autorizadas pelo papado que eram formadas por exércitos liderados pelos nobres, que recebiam a benção do Papa, enquanto que as cruzadas populares eram geralmente desorganizadas e formadas, em sua maioria, por contingentes de camponeses mal armados, às vezes, liderados por pessoas da baixa nobreza e com pequenos contingentes de cavalaria . Dentre tais movimentos, podem-se mencionar:
* A Cruzada Popular de 1096;
* A Cruzada das Crianças (1212)
* A Cruzada dos Pastores de 1251 ;
* A Cruzada dos Pobres (1309) e;
* A Cruzada dos Pastores de 1320 ;
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2778
