Plato's unwritten doctrines
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Plato's_unwritten_doctrines
Plato is een van de weinige filosofen uit de oudheid van wie we weten dat al het werk is overgeleverd. Des te merkwaardiger kan het daarom overkomen dat er gespeculeerd is en wordt over het bestaan van een ongeschreven leer van Plato. Dit is ingegeven door twee uitlatingen van Plato zelf, en door enkele berichten van Aristoteles, die in zijn Fysica (IV, 209 b 14-15) ook expliciet verwijst naar Plato's agrapha dogmata (ongeschreven leer), en waaraan deze theorie haar naam ontleent.
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Als ungeschriebene Lehre bezeichnet man eine dem antiken Philosophen Platon (428/427–348/347 v. Chr.) zugeschriebene metaphysische Lehre. Sie wird in der neueren Forschung Prinzipienlehre genannt, denn sie handelt von zwei höchsten Prinzipien, auf die alles zurückgeführt wird. Die Bezeichnung „ungeschriebene Lehre“ bezieht sich auf die Annahme, dass Platon sein Konzept zwar mündlich dargelegt, aber nie schriftlich fixiert hat.
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Plato's so-called unwritten doctrines are metaphysical theories ascribed to him by his students and other ancient philosophers but not clearly formulated in his writings. In recent research, they are sometimes known as Plato's 'principle theory' (German: Prinzipienlehre) because they involve two fundamental principles from which the rest of the system derives. Plato is thought to have orally expounded these doctrines to Aristotle and the other students in the Academy and they were afterwards transmitted to later generations.
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As chamadas doutrinas não escritas de Platão são teorias metafísicas atribuídas a ele por seus alunos e outros filósofos antigos, mas não claramente formuladas em seus escritos. Em pesquisas recentes, elas são às vezes conhecidas como a "teoria dos princípios" de Platão (em alemão: Prinzipienlehre) porque envolvem dois princípios fundamentais dos quais deriva o restante do sistema. Acredita-se que Platão tenha exposto oralmente essas doutrinas a Aristóteles e aos outros alunos da Academia, e que depois foram transmitidas às gerações posteriores.
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Неписаное учение — часть философского наследия Платона, устное учение, излагавшееся философом в Академии. Несмотря на то, что исследователи имеют крайне ограниченные сведения об этом учении, его существование в настоящее время признаётся большинством, так как в ряде сочинений различных авторов, в том числе Аристотеля, содержатся прямые отсылки на него.
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Ungeschriebene Lehre
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Plato's unwritten doctrines
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Ongeschreven leer van Plato
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Doutrinas não escritas de Platão
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Неписаное учение
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Als ungeschriebene Lehre bezeichnet man eine dem antiken Philosophen Platon (428/427–348/347 v. Chr.) zugeschriebene metaphysische Lehre. Sie wird in der neueren Forschung Prinzipienlehre genannt, denn sie handelt von zwei höchsten Prinzipien, auf die alles zurückgeführt wird. Die Bezeichnung „ungeschriebene Lehre“ bezieht sich auf die Annahme, dass Platon sein Konzept zwar mündlich dargelegt, aber nie schriftlich fixiert hat. Die Glaubwürdigkeit der einschlägigen Quellen ist umstritten. Ihnen zufolge war Platon der Meinung, bestimmte Teile seiner Lehre seien nicht zur Veröffentlichung geeignet. Da diese Lehrinhalte nicht auf allgemeinverständliche Weise schriftlich dargelegt werden könnten, müsse ihre Verbreitung in schriftlich fixierter Form zu Missverständnissen führen. Daher soll sich Platon darauf beschränkt haben, die ungeschriebene Lehre in seiner Philosophenschule, der Akademie, fortgeschrittenen Schülern zu erläutern. Aus dem mündlichen Unterricht sollen die überlieferten Angaben über den Inhalt stammen. Ab der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts haben Philosophiehistoriker den großangelegten Versuch unternommen, die Grundzüge der „ungeschriebenen Lehre“ systematisch zu rekonstruieren. Dieses Vorhaben einer Forschergruppe, die „Tübinger Platonschule“ genannt wird, hat bei vielen Altertumswissenschaftlern Anklang gefunden. Andererseits haben aber auch zahlreiche Forscher Vorbehalte geltend gemacht oder die Rekonstruktion insgesamt verworfen. Manche Kritiker halten die Quellengrundlage der Tübinger Rekonstruktion für unzureichend, andere bestreiten sogar die Existenz einer ungeschriebenen Lehre Platons oder bezweifeln zumindest ihren systematischen Charakter und betrachten sie als ein unausgearbeitetes Konzept. Die intensive und teilweise scharfe Auseinandersetzung zwischen Befürwortern und Gegnern des „Tübinger Platonbilds“ wird von beiden Seiten mit großem Nachdruck geführt und von den Befürwortern als Paradigmenwechsel in der Platonforschung eingestuft.
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Plato's so-called unwritten doctrines are metaphysical theories ascribed to him by his students and other ancient philosophers but not clearly formulated in his writings. In recent research, they are sometimes known as Plato's 'principle theory' (German: Prinzipienlehre) because they involve two fundamental principles from which the rest of the system derives. Plato is thought to have orally expounded these doctrines to Aristotle and the other students in the Academy and they were afterwards transmitted to later generations. The credibility of the sources that ascribe these doctrines to Plato is controversial. They indicate that Plato believed certain parts of his teachings were not suitable for open publication. Since these doctrines could not be explained in writing in a way that would be accessible to general readers, their dissemination would lead to misunderstandings. Plato therefore supposedly limited himself to teaching the unwritten doctrines to his more advanced students in the Academy. The surviving evidence for the content of the unwritten doctrines is thought to derive from this oral teaching. In the middle of the twentieth century, historians of philosophy initiated a wide-ranging project aiming at systematically reconstructing the foundations of the unwritten doctrines. The group of researchers who led this investigation, which became well-known among classicists and historians, came to be called the 'Tübingen School' (in German: Tübinger Platonschule), because some of its leading members were based at the University of Tübingen in southern Germany. On the other hand, numerous scholars had serious reservations about the project or even condemned it altogether. Many critics thought the evidence and sources used in the Tübingen reconstruction were insufficient. Others even contested the existence of the unwritten doctrines or at least doubted their systematic character and considered them mere tentative proposals. The intense and sometimes polemical disputes between the advocates and critics of the Tübingen School were conducted on both sides with great energy. Advocates suggested it amounted to a 'paradigm shift' in Plato studies.
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Plato is een van de weinige filosofen uit de oudheid van wie we weten dat al het werk is overgeleverd. Des te merkwaardiger kan het daarom overkomen dat er gespeculeerd is en wordt over het bestaan van een ongeschreven leer van Plato. Dit is ingegeven door twee uitlatingen van Plato zelf, en door enkele berichten van Aristoteles, die in zijn Fysica (IV, 209 b 14-15) ook expliciet verwijst naar Plato's agrapha dogmata (ongeschreven leer), en waaraan deze theorie haar naam ontleent.
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As chamadas doutrinas não escritas de Platão são teorias metafísicas atribuídas a ele por seus alunos e outros filósofos antigos, mas não claramente formuladas em seus escritos. Em pesquisas recentes, elas são às vezes conhecidas como a "teoria dos princípios" de Platão (em alemão: Prinzipienlehre) porque envolvem dois princípios fundamentais dos quais deriva o restante do sistema. Acredita-se que Platão tenha exposto oralmente essas doutrinas a Aristóteles e aos outros alunos da Academia, e que depois foram transmitidas às gerações posteriores. A credibilidade das fontes que atribuem essas doutrinas a Platão é controversa. Eles indicam que Platão acreditava que certas partes de seus ensinamentos não eram adequadas para publicação aberta. Uma vez que essas doutrinas não poderiam ser explicadas por escrito de uma maneira que seria acessível aos leitores em geral, sua disseminação levaria a mal-entendidos. Platão, portanto, supostamente limitou-se a ensinar as doutrinas não escritas a seus alunos mais avançados na Academia. Acredita-se que a evidência sobrevivente do conteúdo das doutrinas não escritas deriva desse ensino oral. Uma evidência disso é a palestra pública tardia aos atenienses feita por Platão para explicar o seu conceito de Ideia do Bem, sob pressão para divulgar os estudos de sua Academia, e que logo após sua apresentação foi satirizada em pelo menos 3 peças de teatro contemporâneas diferentes, tendo sido comentada por Aristóteles. Em meados do século XX, historiadores da filosofia iniciaram um amplo projeto visando reconstruir sistematicamente os fundamentos das doutrinas não escritas. O grupo de pesquisadores que liderou esta investigação, que se tornou conhecido entre os classicistas e historiadores, passou a ser chamado de "Escola de Tübingen" (em alemão: Tübinger Platonschule), porque alguns dos seus principais membros foram baseados na Universidade de Tübingen em sul da Alemanha. Por outro lado, numerosos estudiosos tinham sérias reservas sobre o projeto ou até condenaram-no completamente. Muitos críticos acharam que as evidências e fontes usadas na reconstrução de Tübingen eram insuficientes. Outros até contestaram a existência das doutrinas não escritas ou pelo menos duvidaram de seu caráter sistemático e consideraram-nas meras propostas provisórias. As disputas intensas e às vezes polêmicas entre os defensores e críticos da Escola Tübingen foram conduzidas de ambos os lados com grande energia. Os defensores sugeriram que isso equivalia a uma "mudança de paradigma" nos estudos de Platão.
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Неписаное учение — часть философского наследия Платона, устное учение, излагавшееся философом в Академии. Несмотря на то, что исследователи имеют крайне ограниченные сведения об этом учении, его существование в настоящее время признаётся большинством, так как в ряде сочинений различных авторов, в том числе Аристотеля, содержатся прямые отсылки на него. Термин «неписаное учение» употреблялся самим Аристотелем в первой книге «Метафизики», где философ указывал на расхождения в терминологии диалога Платона «Тимей» и его неписаного учения. В то же время, он говорит о том, что данные различия не нарушают понимание воззрений его учителя, что подтверждается затем Диогеном Лаэртским, который отмечал, что в беседах с учениками Платон старался подбирать такие слова, которые сделали бы его мысль понятной только для его учеников.
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76250
