New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
http://dbpedia.org/resource/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan an entity of type: Thing
纽约时报诉沙利文案(New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, U.S. 254 (1964)),美国最高法院在此案中确立了要求官员或公众人物在指控媒体报道涉嫌诽谤或侵害名誉时必须遵循的真實惡意原則,允许对美国南部民权运动的报道。该案是保障新闻自由的关键判决。真实恶意原则要求,诽谤案件的原告必须证明,所诉的报道出版者明知报道是假的,或者罔顾报道真伪。由于原告承担了极重的举证责任,而且证明一个人内心的活动较为困难,当涉及到公众人物时,此类案件极少会胜诉。 在此判决之前,来自南部州、针对新闻机构的诽谤案件赔偿额达到近3亿美元,这导致许多出版商在报道民权问题上慎之又慎,唯恐惹上诽谤官司。在《纽约时报》胜诉后,新闻机构得以自由报道大范围的动乱和对民权的侵犯。《纽约时报》坚持认为,针对它的此桩诉讼是要吓退新闻机构,阻止他们报道南部政府机构雇员为了继续推行种族隔离而采取非法行为。
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El caso New York Times contra Sullivan (376 U.S. 254 1964) es un proceso judicial abordado ante la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos y resuelto el 9 de marzo de 1964. Es considerado el caso que da origen a la doctrina de la real malicia (en inglés y según la jurisprudencia estadounidense actual malice) referida a la libertad de prensa.
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New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution's freedom of speech protections limit the ability of American public officials to sue for defamation. The decision held that if a plaintiff in a defamation lawsuit is a public official or candidate for public office, not only must they prove the normal elements of defamation—publication of a false defamatory statement to a third party—they must also prove that the statement was made with "actual malice", meaning the defendant either knew the statement was false or recklessly disregarded whether it might be false.
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New York Times contra Sullivan
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New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
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紐約時報公司訴沙利文案
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The New York Times Company v. L. B. Sullivan
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A newspaper cannot be held liable for making false defamatory statements about the official conduct of a public official unless the statements were made with actual malice.
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The New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
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Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 269–70 .
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Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 271.
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Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 279–80.
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The general proposition that freedom of expression upon public questions is secured by the First Amendment has long been settled by our decisions. The constitutional safeguard, we have said, "was fashioned to assure unfettered interchange of ideas for the bringing about of political and social changes desired by the people." ... "[I]t is a prized American privilege to speak one's mind, although not always with perfect taste, on all public institutions." ... The First Amendment, said Judge Learned Hand, "presupposes that right conclusions are more likely to be gathered out of a multitude of tongues, than through any kind of authoritative selection. To many, this is, and always will be, folly; but we have staked upon it our all."
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The constitutional guarantees require, we think, a federal rule that prohibits a public official from recovering damages for a defamatory falsehood relating to his official conduct unless he proves that the statement was made with "actual malice" – that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not.
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The present advertisement, as an expression of grievance and protest on one of the major public issues of our time, would seem clearly to qualify for the constitutional protection. The question is whether it forfeits that protection by the falsity of some of its factual statements and by its alleged defamation of respondent.
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El caso New York Times contra Sullivan (376 U.S. 254 1964) es un proceso judicial abordado ante la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos y resuelto el 9 de marzo de 1964. Es considerado el caso que da origen a la doctrina de la real malicia (en inglés y según la jurisprudencia estadounidense actual malice) referida a la libertad de prensa. Todo comienza cuando se publica en el New York Times una solicitada financiada por 64 personas, donde se describen actitudes segregacionistas en la ciudad de Alabama, contra un grupo de manifestantes de raza negra liderados por el Dr. Martin Luther King. Sullivan, comisionado de la ciudad, se siente agraviado por las expresiones vertidas en la solicitada contra la policía ya que esta estaba bajo su autoridad. Iniciadas las acciones legales, el juez de primera instancia condena al periódico a pagar una indemnización de 500.000.- dólares, le sentencia apelada es confirmada por la Corte de Alabama y llega por apelación a la Corte Suprema de Justicia. Es en esta instancia donde el juez fue el encargado de desarrollar el voto de la mayoría, donde dijo lo siguiente entre otros considerandos: La protección de la Primera Enmienda a la libertad de expresión en asuntos sobre cuestiones públicas, hace muchos años que ha sido decidida por nuestros fallos. Hemos dicho que la garantía constitucional fue establecida para asegurar el libre intercambio de ideas del cual emanan los cambios sociales y políticos deseados por el pueblo. Mantener la libre discusión política para lograr que el Gobierno responda a la voluntad del pueblo y que se obtengan cambios por las vías legales, posibilidad esencial para la seguridad de la “República”, es un principio fundamental de nuestro sistema constitucional. Es un preciado privilegio americano poder expresar, aunque no siempre con buen gusto, las propias opiniones sobre las instituciones públicas, y ese privilegio debe acordarse no sólo para los debates abstractos sino también frente a la defensa vigorosa de las ideas... Por eso debemos analizar este caso partiendo de una profunda adhesión al principio de que la discusión sobre los asuntos públicos debe ser desinhibida, sin trabas, vigorosa y abierta, pudiendo incluir ataques vehementes, cáusticos y a veces desagradablemente agudos, contra el gobierno y los funcionarios públicos. La solicitada bajo análisis, como protesta y expresión de agravios referentes a uno de los problemas principales del momento, parece quedar claramente incluida dentro de la protección constitucional. La cuestión radica en si pierde tal protección debido a la falsedad de algunas de sus afirmaciones sobre hechos y pretendida difamación del demandante. Las garantías constitucionales requieren una regla federal que impida a un funcionario público ser indemnizado por razón de una manifestación inexacta y difamatoria relacionada con su conducta oficial a menos que se pruebe que fue hecha con real malicia, es decir, con conocimiento de que era falsa o con una temeraria despreocupación acerca de su verdad o falsedad.
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New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution's freedom of speech protections limit the ability of American public officials to sue for defamation. The decision held that if a plaintiff in a defamation lawsuit is a public official or candidate for public office, not only must they prove the normal elements of defamation—publication of a false defamatory statement to a third party—they must also prove that the statement was made with "actual malice", meaning the defendant either knew the statement was false or recklessly disregarded whether it might be false. The underlying case began in the spring of 1960, when The New York Times published a full-page advertisement by supporters of Martin Luther King Jr. that criticized the police in Montgomery, Alabama, for their mistreatment of civil rights movement protesters. The ad had several inaccuracies regarding facts such as the number of times King had been arrested during the protests, what song the protesters had sung, and whether students had been expelled for participating. Based on the inaccuracies, Montgomery police commissioner L. B. Sullivan sued the Times for defamation in the local Alabama county court. After the judge ruled that the advertisement's inaccuracies were defamatory per se, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Sullivan and awarded him $500,000 in damages. The Times appealed to the Supreme Court of Alabama, which affirmed the verdict, and then to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case. In March 1964, the Court issued a 9–0 decision holding that the Alabama court's verdict violated the First Amendment. The decision defended free reporting of the civil rights movement campaigns in the southern United States. It is one of the key decisions supporting the freedom of the press. Before this decision, there were nearly $300 million in libel actions from the southern states outstanding against news organizations, part of a collective effort by southern officials to use defamation suits to prevent critical coverage of civil-rights issues in out-of-state publications. The Supreme Court's decision, and its adoption of the actual malice standard, reduced the financial exposure from potential defamation claims and frustrated efforts by public officials to use these claims to suppress political criticism. In later cases, beginning with the 1967 decision Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, the Supreme Court has extended Sullivan's higher legal standard for defamation to all "public figures". These decisions have made it extremely difficult for a public figure to win a defamation lawsuit in the United States.
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纽约时报诉沙利文案(New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, U.S. 254 (1964)),美国最高法院在此案中确立了要求官员或公众人物在指控媒体报道涉嫌诽谤或侵害名誉时必须遵循的真實惡意原則,允许对美国南部民权运动的报道。该案是保障新闻自由的关键判决。真实恶意原则要求,诽谤案件的原告必须证明,所诉的报道出版者明知报道是假的,或者罔顾报道真伪。由于原告承担了极重的举证责任,而且证明一个人内心的活动较为困难,当涉及到公众人物时,此类案件极少会胜诉。 在此判决之前,来自南部州、针对新闻机构的诽谤案件赔偿额达到近3亿美元,这导致许多出版商在报道民权问题上慎之又慎,唯恐惹上诽谤官司。在《纽约时报》胜诉后,新闻机构得以自由报道大范围的动乱和对民权的侵犯。《纽约时报》坚持认为,针对它的此桩诉讼是要吓退新闻机构,阻止他们报道南部政府机构雇员为了继续推行种族隔离而采取非法行为。
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